7.2 Creating New Objects with Constructors

As we saw briefly in Chapter 4, Expressions and Operators, the new operator creates a new object. For example:

o =index.html new Object();

This syntax creates an "empty" object, one that has no properties defined. There are certain occasions in which you might want to start with an empty object of this sort, but in "object-oriented" programming, it is more common to work with objects that have a predefined set of properties. For example, you might want to define one or more objects that represent rectangles. In this case, each rectangle object should have a width property and a height property.

To create objects with properties such as width and height already defined, we need to write a constructor to create and initialize these properties in a new object. A constructor is a JavaScript function with three special features:

• It is invoked through the new operator.

• It is passed a reference to a newly created, "empty" object as the value of the special this keyword, and it is responsible for performing appropriate initialization for that new object.

• It should not return a value; if it uses the return statement, it should do so without a value to be returned.

Example 7.1 shows how the constructor function for a rectangle object might be defined and invoked.

// define the constructor.
// Note how it initializes the object referred to by "this"
function Rectangle(w, h) 
{
    this.width =index.html w;
    this.height = h;
}
// invoke the constructor to create two rectangle objects
// Notice that we pass the width and height to the constructor, so it
// can initialize each new object appropriately.
rect1 =index.html new Rectangle(2, 4);
rect2 = new Rectangle(8.5, 11);

Notice how the constructor performs its initialization on the object referred to by the this keyword. A constructor will generally perform initialization based on the argument values that are passed to it. Some constructors may also initialize other properties of a new object (setting them to constant values, for example). Keep in mind that a constructor function simply initializes the specified object; it does not have to return that object.

Also notice how we define a "class" of objects simply by defining an appropriate constructor function--all objects created with that constructor will have the same properties. It is stylistically important to give constructor functions a name that indicates the class of objects they will "construct." For example, creating a rectangle with new construct_rect(1,2) is a lot less intuitive than new Rectangle(1,2).

if ((typeof n ==index.html "object") && (n.constructor == Number))
   // then do something with the Number object...